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This file was processed as: MacOS Executable
(executable/macOSExecutable ).
Confidence Program Detection Match Type Support
100%
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MacOS Executable (executable/macOSExecutable)
magic
Supported
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MacBinary (archive/macBinary)
fallback
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file
MacBinary II, inited, bundle, Mon Oct 25 14:00:42 1993, modified Mon Oct 25 14:00:42 1993, creator 'rh??', type application, 29156 bytes "Click Me" , at 0x7264 28610 bytes resource
default (weak)
99%
file
data
default
74%
TrID
Macintosh Application (MacBinary)
default
25%
TrID
MacBinary 2
default (weak)
100%
siegfried
fmt/1762 MacBinary (II)
default
100%
lsar
MacBinary
default
id metadata key value macFileType [ APPL] macFileCreator [ rh??]
hex view +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+ |00000000| 00 08 43 6c 69 63 6b 20 | 4d 65 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..Click |Me......| |00000010| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000030| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000040| 00 41 50 50 4c 72 68 3f | 3f 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.APPLrh?|?!......| |00000050| 00 00 00 00 00 71 e4 00 | 00 6f c2 a8 f1 c4 ca a8 |.....q..|.o......| |00000060| f1 c4 ca 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000070| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 81 81 1a 4b 00 00 |........|.....K..| |00000080| 46 69 72 73 74 20 6f 66 | 20 61 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 |First of| all, th| |00000090| 61 6e 6b 73 20 66 6f 72 | 20 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 |anks for| trying | |000000a0| 6f 75 74 20 4d 61 63 44 | 4f 53 aa 2e 0d 0d 54 68 |out MacD|OS....Th| |000000b0| 69 73 20 73 65 6c 66 2d | 6f 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 |is self-|opening | |000000c0| 72 65 61 64 2d 6f 6e 6c | 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 68 |read-onl|y file h| |000000d0| 65 6c 70 73 20 79 6f 75 | 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 |elps you| evaluat| |000000e0| 65 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 | aa 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 |e MacDOS|. before| |000000f0| 20 79 6f 75 20 6f 72 64 | 65 72 20 69 74 2e 0d 0d | you ord|er it...| |00000100| 4d 61 63 69 6e 74 6f 73 | 68 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 |Macintos|h users | |00000110| 77 68 6f 20 61 72 65 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 66 61 6d 69 |who are |not fami| |00000120| 6c 69 61 72 20 77 69 74 | 68 20 44 4f 53 20 73 68 |liar wit|h DOS sh| |00000130| 6f 75 6c 64 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 20 72 65 61 64 20 |ould fir|st read | |00000140| 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 | 0d 22 44 4f 53 20 70 72 |the file|."DOS pr| |00000150| 69 6d 65 72 22 2e 20 0d | 0d 54 68 65 73 65 20 6e |imer". .|.These n| |00000160| 6f 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 | 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 |otes are| organis| |00000170| 65 64 20 61 73 20 66 6f | 6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0d 20 |ed as fo|llows:. | |00000180| a5 20 50 75 72 70 6f 73 | 65 20 6f 66 20 4d 61 63 |. Purpos|e of Mac| |00000190| 44 4f 53 aa 20 61 6e 64 | 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 69 |DOS. and| first i| |000001a0| 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 |ntroduct|ion to t| |000001b0| 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 2e 0d 20 a5 20 4c |he progr|am.. . L| |000001c0| 61 75 6e 63 68 69 6e 67 | 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 69 |aunching| and usi| |000001d0| 6e 67 20 4d 61 63 44 4f | 53 aa 2e 0d 20 a5 20 4d |ng MacDO|S... . M| |000001e0| 61 6a 6f 72 20 64 69 66 | 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 |ajor dif|ferences| |000001f0| 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e | 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa | between| MacDOS.| |00000200| 20 61 6e 64 20 44 4f 53 | 2e 0d 20 a5 20 4e 6f 74 | and DOS|.. . Not| |00000210| 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 |es on co|mmands w| |00000220| 68 69 63 68 20 64 6f 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 65 78 69 73 |hich do |not exis| |00000230| 74 20 69 6e 20 44 4f 53 | 2e 0d 20 a5 20 48 6f 77 |t in DOS|.. . 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It i| |00000830| 73 20 74 72 69 76 69 61 | 6c 2c 0d 20 20 20 62 75 |s trivia|l,. bu| |00000840| 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 | 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 63 |t you ha|ve to sc| |00000850| 72 6f 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 | 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 66 |roll the| whole f| |00000860| 6f 6c 64 65 72 20 41 20 | 61 6e 64 20 73 68 69 66 |older A |and shif| |00000870| 74 2d 63 6c 69 63 6b 20 | 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 |t-click |the text| |00000880| 20 66 69 6c 65 73 0d 20 | 20 20 6f 6e 65 20 62 79 | files. | one by| |00000890| 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 | 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f | one in |order to| |000008a0| 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 | 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 42 65 | select |them. Be| |000008b0| 73 69 64 65 20 62 65 69 | 6e 67 20 62 6f 72 69 6e |side bei|ng borin| |000008c0| 67 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 | 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 65 72 |g, it is| also er| |000008d0| 72 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 70 | 72 6f 6e 65 2e 20 57 69 |ror. p|rone. 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You.| |00000a70| 20 20 20 63 61 6e 20 64 | 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 62 | can d|o this b| |00000a80| 79 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 | 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 |y changi|ng the c| |00000a90| 72 65 61 74 6f 72 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 |reator o|f the fi| |00000aa0| 6c 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 | 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 |le. For |instance| |00000ab0| 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 | 20 77 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 |, if you| want. | |00000ac0| 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 | 4d 69 63 72 6f 73 6f 66 | to use |Microsof| |00000ad0| 74 20 57 4f 52 44 20 79 | 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 3a |t WORD y|ou type:| |00000ae0| 20 20 72 65 6e 20 2f 74 | 3d 54 45 58 54 20 2f 63 | ren /t|=TEXT /c| |00000af0| 21 4d 53 57 44 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |!MSWD | | |00000b00| 28 27 74 74 78 74 27 20 | 66 6f 72 0d 20 20 20 54 |('ttxt' |for. 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You| |00000b60| 20 63 61 6e 20 63 68 61 | 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 | can cha|nge the | |00000b70| 63 72 65 61 74 6f 72 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 52 65 73 |creator |with Res| |00000b80| 45 64 69 74 2c 20 62 75 | 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 |Edit, bu|t you ha| |00000b90| 76 65 20 74 6f 20 64 6f | 20 69 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 |ve to do| it one | |00000ba0| 66 69 6c 65 20 61 74 0d | 20 20 20 61 20 74 69 6d |file at.| a tim| |00000bb0| 65 20 28 6f 70 65 6e 2c | 20 72 65 74 79 70 65 20 |e (open,| retype | |00000bc0| 63 72 65 61 74 6f 72 2c | 20 73 61 76 65 2c 20 63 |creator,| save, c| |00000bd0| 6c 6f 73 65 29 2c 20 77 | 68 69 6c 65 20 77 69 74 |lose), w|hile wit| |00000be0| 68 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 | aa 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 |h MacDOS|. you ca| |00000bf0| 6e 0d 20 20 20 63 68 61 | 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 |n. cha|nge the | |00000c00| 63 72 65 61 74 6f 72 73 | 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 |creators| of all | |00000c10| 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 | 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 |the file|s in a f| |00000c20| 6f 6c 64 65 72 20 62 79 | 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 |older by| typing | |00000c30| 31 38 20 6b 65 79 73 21 | 0d 0d 20 34 20 48 6f 77 |18 keys!|.. 4 How| |00000c40| 20 64 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 | 66 69 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 | do you |find out| |00000c50| 20 74 68 65 20 63 72 65 | 61 74 6f 72 20 6f 66 20 | the cre|ator of | |00000c60| 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 | 75 6c 61 72 20 64 6f 63 |a partic|ular doc| |00000c70| 75 6d 65 6e 74 3f 0d 20 | 20 20 54 79 70 65 3a 20 |ument?. | Type: | |00000c80| 20 44 49 52 20 66 69 6c | 65 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0d 20 | DIR fil|ename.. | |00000c90| 35 20 59 6f 75 20 77 61 | 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 63 6f |5 You wa|nt to co| |00000ca0| 70 79 20 61 20 74 72 65 | 65 20 6f 66 20 66 6f 6c |py a tre|e of fol| |00000cb0| 64 65 72 73 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 6c |ders fro|m one pl| |00000cc0| 61 63 65 20 74 6f 20 61 | 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 62 |ace to a|nother b| |00000cd0| 75 74 20 77 69 74 68 6f | 75 74 0d 20 20 20 63 6f |ut witho|ut. co| |00000ce0| 70 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e |pying th|e files.| |00000cf0| 20 4c 65 74 27 73 20 73 | 61 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 | Let's s|ay that | |00000d00| 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c | 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 |the whol|e struct| |00000d10| 75 72 65 20 62 65 6c 6f | 77 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 |ure belo|w folder| |00000d20| 31 0d 20 20 20 73 68 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 |1. sho|uld be c| |00000d30| 6f 70 69 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 32 |opied to| folder2| |00000d40| 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 4d | 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 2c 20 |. 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Its pu| |00002d00| 72 70 6f 73 65 20 69 73 | 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 76 |rpose is| to prov| |00002d10| 69 64 65 20 44 4f 53 2d | 6c 69 6b 65 20 63 6f 6d |ide DOS-|like com| |00002d20| 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 63 |mands on| the Mac| |00002d30| 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 | 0d 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 | so that|.users w| |00002d40| 69 74 68 20 44 4f 53 20 | 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e |ith DOS |experien| |00002d50| 63 65 20 63 61 6e 20 64 | 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 |ce can d|irectly | |00002d60| 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 68 | 65 69 72 20 6b 6e 6f 77 |apply th|eir know| |00002d70| 6c 65 64 67 65 20 74 6f | 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 63 |ledge to| the Mac| |00002d80| 2e 0d 4e 65 76 65 72 74 | 68 65 6c 65 73 73 2c 20 |..Nevert|heless, | |00002d90| 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 20 | 64 65 70 61 72 74 73 20 |MacDOS. |departs | |00002da0| 66 72 6f 6d 20 44 4f 53 | 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 |from DOS| in some| |00002db0| 20 61 72 65 61 73 2c 20 | 6d 61 69 6e 6c 79 20 74 | areas, |mainly t| |00002dc0| 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 | 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 |o take a|dvantage| |00002dd0| 0d 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 4d 61 63 69 6e 74 6f 73 |.of the |Macintos| |00002de0| 68 20 4f 53 2e 0d 0d 54 | 68 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 |h OS...T|he gener| |00002df0| 61 6c 20 69 64 65 61 20 | 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 |al idea |is that | |00002e00| 74 68 65 20 64 69 66 66 | 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 20 |the diff|erences | |00002e10| 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 | 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 20 |between |MacDOS. | |00002e20| 61 6e 64 20 44 4f 53 20 | 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 0d |and DOS |are not.| |00002e30| 64 61 6e 67 65 72 6f 75 | 73 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 |dangerou|s. That | |00002e40| 69 73 2c 20 74 68 65 72 | 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 |is, ther|e is no | |00002e50| 72 69 73 6b 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 61 20 68 61 72 6d |risk tha|t a harm| |00002e60| 6c 65 73 73 20 63 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 |less com|mand in | |00002e70| 44 4f 53 20 64 65 73 74 | 72 6f 79 73 0d 64 61 74 |DOS dest|roys.dat| |00002e80| 61 20 69 6e 20 4d 61 63 | 44 4f 53 aa 2e 20 41 63 |a in Mac|DOS.. Ac| |00002e90| 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d |tually, |the comm| |00002ea0| 61 6e 64 20 43 4f 4e 46 | 49 52 4d 20 6d 61 6b 65 |and CONF|IRM make| |00002eb0| 73 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 | aa 20 73 61 66 65 72 20 |s MacDOS|. safer | |00002ec0| 74 68 61 6e 20 44 4f 53 | 2e 0d 0d 49 6e 20 6d 6f |than DOS|...In mo| |00002ed0| 73 74 20 63 61 73 65 73 | 2c 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 |st cases|, MacDOS| |00002ee0| aa 20 62 65 68 61 76 65 | 73 20 61 73 20 61 20 44 |. behave|s as a D| |00002ef0| 4f 53 20 75 73 65 72 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 6b 6e 6f |OS user |with kno| |00002f00| 77 6c 65 64 67 65 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 |wledge o|f the Ma| |00002f10| 63 69 6e 74 6f 73 68 0d | 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 65 78 |cintosh.|would ex| |00002f20| 70 65 63 74 2e 20 4f 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 |pect. On| the oth| |00002f30| 65 72 20 68 61 6e 64 2c | 20 4d 61 63 69 6e 74 6f |er hand,| Macinto| |00002f40| 73 68 20 75 73 65 72 73 | 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f |sh users| with no| |00002f50| 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 | 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 44 | experie|nce of D| |00002f60| 4f 53 0d 73 68 6f 75 6c | 64 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c |OS.shoul|d be abl| |00002f70| 65 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e | 64 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 |e to fin|d quite | |00002f80| 61 20 66 65 77 20 70 65 | 6f 70 6c 65 20 77 68 6f |a few pe|ople who| |00002f90| 20 63 61 6e 20 68 65 6c | 70 20 74 68 65 6d 20 74 | can hel|p them t| |00002fa0| 6f 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 | 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 73 0d |o come t|o terms.| |00002fb0| 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 | 20 44 4f 53 20 63 6f 6d |with the| DOS com| |00002fc0| 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e | 65 2e 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 |mand lin|e.... | |00002fd0| 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 | 69 76 65 73 20 76 73 2e | disk dr|ives vs.| |00002fe0| 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 73 | 0d 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d | volumes|. ---| |00002ff0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |00003000| 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0d 4f 6e | 65 20 66 75 6e 64 61 6d |----..On|e fundam| |00003010| 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 64 69 | 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 |ental di|fference| |00003020| 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 44 4f 53 20 75 73 65 | is that| DOS use| |00003030| 73 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 | 72 69 76 65 73 20 77 68 |s disk d|rives wh| |00003040| 69 6c 65 20 4d 61 63 44 | 4f 53 aa 20 75 73 65 73 |ile MacD|OS. uses| |00003050| 0d 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 73 | 2e 20 41 20 64 72 69 76 |.volumes|. A driv| |00003060| 65 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 62 | 6f 74 68 20 44 4f 53 20 |e, for b|oth DOS | |00003070| 61 6e 64 20 4d 61 63 2c | 20 69 73 20 61 20 68 61 |and Mac,| is a ha| |00003080| 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 | 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 6f |rd disk |partitio| |00003090| 6e 20 6f 72 20 61 20 64 | 65 76 69 63 65 0d 77 68 |n or a d|evice.wh| |000030a0| 69 63 68 20 61 63 63 65 | 70 74 73 20 63 61 72 74 |ich acce|pts cart| |000030b0| 72 69 67 65 73 20 28 6f | 6e 65 20 61 74 20 61 20 |riges (o|ne at a | |000030c0| 74 69 6d 65 29 2e 20 41 | 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 2c |time). A| volume,| |000030d0| 20 61 73 20 64 65 66 69 | 6e 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 | as defi|ned for | |000030e0| 74 68 65 20 4d 61 63 69 | 6e 74 6f 73 68 0d 61 6e |the Maci|ntosh.an| |000030f0| 64 20 72 65 63 6f 67 6e | 69 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 |d recogn|ised by | |00003100| 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 2c | 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 |MacDOS.,| identif| |00003110| 69 65 73 20 61 20 70 61 | 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 |ies a pa|rticular| |00003120| 20 63 61 72 74 72 69 67 | 65 20 28 65 67 2e 20 66 | cartrig|e (eg. f| |00003130| 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 | 73 6b 29 2e 0d 54 68 65 |loppy di|sk)..The| |00003140| 20 6d 61 6a 6f 72 20 64 | 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 | major d|ifferenc| |00003150| 65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 |e betwee|n the tw| |00003160| 6f 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d | 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 |o system|s is tha| |00003170| 74 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 | 63 69 6e 74 6f 73 68 20 |t the Ma|cintosh | |00003180| 72 65 63 6f 67 6e 69 73 | 65 73 0d 63 61 72 74 72 |recognis|es.cartr| |00003190| 69 67 65 73 20 77 68 69 | 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 6e |iges whi|ch are n| |000031a0| 6f 74 20 63 75 72 72 65 | 6e 74 6c 79 20 69 6e 73 |ot curre|ntly ins| |000031b0| 69 64 65 20 74 68 65 20 | 64 72 69 76 65 20 28 69 |ide the |drive (i| |000031c0| 2e 65 2e 20 6e 6f 74 20 | 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 29 |.e. not |mounted)| |000031d0| 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 0d | 44 4f 53 20 64 6f 65 73 |, while.|DOS does| |000031e0| 20 6e 6f 74 2e 0d 0d 54 | 6f 20 61 76 6f 69 64 20 | not...T|o avoid | |000031f0| 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 6f | 6e 2c 20 4d 61 63 44 4f |confusio|n, MacDO| |00003200| 53 aa 20 64 69 73 70 6c | 61 79 73 20 76 6f 6c 75 |S. displ|ays volu| |00003210| 6d 65 20 49 44 73 20 28 | 31 2c 20 32 2c 20 2e 2e |me IDs (|1, 2, ..| |00003220| 2e 29 20 72 61 74 68 65 | 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 64 |.) rathe|r than d| |00003230| 72 69 76 65 0d 49 44 73 | 20 28 43 2c 20 44 2c 20 |rive.IDs| (C, D, | |00003240| 2e 2e 2e 29 2e 20 49 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 |...). If| the use| |00003250| 72 20 77 61 6e 74 73 20 | 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 |r wants |to use a| |00003260| 20 62 61 74 63 68 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 64 | batch p|rogram d| |00003270| 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 65 64 | 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 44 4f |eveloped| on a DO| |00003280| 53 0d 73 79 73 74 65 6d | 2c 20 73 68 65 20 63 61 |S.system|, she ca| |00003290| 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e |n use th|e comman| |000032a0| 64 20 53 55 42 53 54 56 | 4f 4c 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 |d SUBSTV|OL to ma| |000032b0| 70 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 | 20 49 44 73 20 74 6f 20 |p volume| IDs to | |000032c0| 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2e | 20 54 68 65 6e 2c 0d 74 |letters.| Then,.t| |000032d0| 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 | 75 70 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d |he start|up volum| |000032e0| 65 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 | 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 |e can be| display| |000032f0| 65 64 20 61 73 20 76 6f | 6c 75 6d 65 20 27 43 27 |ed as vo|lume 'C'| |00003300| 2e 20 53 74 69 6c 6c 2c | 20 6b 65 65 70 20 69 6e |. 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Th| |000033e0| 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 2c | 20 77 65 20 68 61 64 20 |erefore,| we had | |000033f0| 74 6f 20 69 6e 76 65 6e | 74 20 61 20 73 74 72 61 |to inven|t a stra| |00003400| 74 65 67 79 20 74 6f 20 | 68 61 6e 64 6c 65 0d 74 |tegy to |handle.t| |00003410| 68 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 61 | 20 77 61 79 20 77 68 69 |hem in a| way whi| |00003420| 63 68 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 | 20 27 66 65 65 6c 27 20 |ch would| 'feel' | |00003430| 72 69 67 68 74 20 61 6e | 64 20 6e 61 74 75 72 61 |right an|d natura| |00003440| 6c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 65 | 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 |l when e|xecuting| |00003450| 20 44 4f 53 20 63 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 0d 0d | DOS com|mands...| |00003460| 57 65 20 63 61 6d 65 20 | 75 70 20 77 69 74 68 20 |We came |up with | |00003470| 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c | 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |the foll|owing th| |00003480| 72 65 65 20 72 75 6c 65 | 73 3a 0d 0d 20 a5 20 54 |ree rule|s:.. . T| |00003490| 68 65 20 44 49 52 20 63 | 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 |he DIR c|ommand, | |000034a0| 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 69 | 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 |which li|sts the | |000034b0| 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 | 6f 66 20 61 20 66 6f 6c |content |of a fol| |000034c0| 64 65 72 2c 20 68 61 6e | 64 6c 65 73 20 61 6c 69 |der, han|dles ali| |000034d0| 61 73 65 73 20 61 73 0d | 20 20 20 69 66 20 74 68 |ases as.| if th| |000034e0| 65 79 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 66 |ey were |normal f| |000034f0| 69 6c 65 73 20 65 78 63 | 65 70 74 20 77 68 65 6e |iles exc|ept when| |00003500| 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 | 72 20 61 70 70 6c 69 65 | the use|r applie| |00003510| 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f |s the co|mmand to| |00003520| 20 61 0d 20 20 20 73 69 | 6e 67 6c 65 20 61 6c 69 | a. si|ngle ali| |00003530| 61 73 65 64 20 66 6f 6c | 64 65 72 2e 20 49 6e 20 |ased fol|der. In | |00003540| 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 73 | 65 2c 20 44 49 52 20 72 |that cas|e, DIR r| |00003550| 65 73 6f 6c 76 65 73 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 6c 69 61 |esolves |the alia| |00003560| 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 | 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 0d |s and li|sts the.| |00003570| 20 20 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 | 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | conte|nt of th| |00003580| 65 20 74 61 72 67 65 74 | 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 2e |e target| folder.| |00003590| 20 49 6e 20 6c 69 73 74 | 73 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c | In list|s of fil| |000035a0| 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 | 61 6c 69 61 73 65 73 20 |enames, |aliases | |000035b0| 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 0d | 20 20 20 64 6f 75 62 6c |produce.| doubl| |000035c0| 65 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65 | 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |e entrie|s which | |000035d0| 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 20 | 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 |provide |informat| |000035e0| 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 62 | 6f 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |ion on b|oth the | |000035f0| 61 6c 69 61 73 20 69 74 | 73 65 6c 66 20 61 6e 64 |alias it|self and| |00003600| 20 74 68 65 0d 20 20 20 | 74 61 72 67 65 74 2e 0d | the. |target..| |00003610| 0d 20 a5 20 43 6f 6d 6d | 61 6e 64 73 20 77 68 69 |. . Comm|ands whi| |00003620| 63 68 20 6f 70 65 72 61 | 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 66 69 |ch opera|te on fi| |00003630| 6c 65 73 20 61 6c 77 61 | 79 73 20 68 61 6e 64 6c |les alwa|ys handl| |00003640| 65 20 61 6c 69 61 73 65 | 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 66 |e aliase|s like f| |00003650| 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 73 6f | 20 74 68 61 74 0d 20 20 |iles, so| that. | |00003660| 20 61 6c 69 61 73 65 73 | 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 | aliases| can be | |00003670| 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 64 2c | 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 2c |renamed,| copied,| |00003680| 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c | 65 74 65 64 20 6c 69 6b | and del|eted lik| |00003690| 65 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c | 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 |e normal| files, | |000036a0| 72 65 67 61 72 64 6c 65 | 73 73 0d 20 20 20 6f 66 |regardle|ss. of| |000036b0| 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 | 20 74 68 65 79 20 68 61 | whether| they ha| |000036c0| 76 65 20 61 73 20 74 61 | 72 67 65 74 20 61 20 66 |ve as ta|rget a f| |000036d0| 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 61 | 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 2e |ile or a| folder.| |000036e0| 0d 0d 20 a5 20 43 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 68 |.. . Com|mands wh| |000036f0| 69 63 68 20 6f 70 65 72 | 61 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 64 |ich oper|ate on d| |00003700| 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 | 65 73 20 28 69 2e 65 2e |irectori|es (i.e.| |00003710| 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 73 | 29 2c 20 66 61 69 6c 20 | folders|), fail | |00003720| 77 68 65 6e 20 61 70 70 | 6c 69 65 64 20 74 6f 0d |when app|lied to.| |00003730| 20 20 20 61 6e 20 61 6c | 69 61 73 65 64 20 66 6f | an al|iased fo| |00003740| 6c 64 65 72 2c 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 6f 6e 65 20 65 |lder, wi|th one e| |00003750| 78 63 65 70 74 69 6f 6e | 3a 20 43 48 44 49 52 20 |xception|: CHDIR | |00003760| 61 70 70 6c 69 65 64 20 | 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 61 6c |applied |to an al| |00003770| 69 61 73 65 64 20 66 6f | 6c 64 65 72 0d 20 20 20 |iased fo|lder. | |00003780| 72 65 73 6f 6c 76 65 73 | 20 74 68 65 20 61 6c 69 |resolves| the ali| |00003790| 61 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 | 65 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 |as and s|ets the | |000037a0| 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 | 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 |default |director| |000037b0| 79 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 74 61 72 67 |y to be |the targ| |000037c0| 65 74 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 | 72 2e 0d 0d 49 74 20 6d |et folde|r...It m| |000037d0| 69 67 68 74 20 73 6f 75 | 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c |ight sou|nd compl| |000037e0| 69 63 61 74 65 64 2c 20 | 62 75 74 20 74 72 79 20 |icated, |but try | |000037f0| 69 74 20 61 6e 64 20 79 | 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |it and y|ou will | |00003800| 73 6f 6f 6e 20 61 67 72 | 65 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 |soon agr|ee that | |00003810| 73 75 63 68 20 61 0d 62 | 65 68 61 76 69 6f 75 72 |such a.b|ehaviour| |00003820| 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 | 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 61 | is very| reasona| |00003830| 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 62 61 74 63 68 |ble.... | batch| |00003840| 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 | 65 72 73 0d 20 20 20 20 | paramet|ers. | |00003850| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |00003860| 0d 0d 57 69 74 68 20 4d | 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 2c 20 |..With M|acDOS., | |00003870| 77 65 20 6e 65 65 64 20 | 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 20 71 |we need |double q| |00003880| 75 6f 74 65 73 20 74 6f | 20 64 65 6c 69 6d 69 74 |uotes to| delimit| |00003890| 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d | 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 | filenam|es conta| |000038a0| 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 73 70 | 61 63 65 73 20 61 6e 64 |ining sp|aces and| |000038b0| 0d 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c | 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |.special| charact| |000038c0| 65 72 73 2e 20 4e 65 76 | 65 72 74 68 65 6c 65 73 |ers. Nev|ertheles| |000038d0| 73 2c 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 | 6e 67 20 70 72 65 76 65 |s, nothi|ng preve| |000038e0| 6e 74 73 20 75 73 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 73 79 73 74 |nts us f|rom syst| |000038f0| 65 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c | 6c 79 0d 64 6f 75 62 6c |ematical|ly.doubl| |00003900| 65 20 71 75 6f 74 69 6e | 67 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 |e quotin|g all fi| |00003910| 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 | 61 6e 64 2c 20 49 6e 20 |lenames |and, In | |00003920| 61 6e 79 20 63 61 73 65 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f |any case|, the do| |00003930| 75 62 6c 65 20 71 75 6f | 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 |uble quo|tes are | |00003940| 6e 6f 74 0d 63 6f 6e 73 | 69 64 65 72 65 64 20 74 |not.cons|idered t| |00003950| 6f 20 62 65 20 70 61 72 | 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |o be par|t of the| |00003960| 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d | 65 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 | filenam|e itself| |00003970| 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6c | 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 20 |. This l|eads to | |00003980| 61 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 | 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 0d |a differ|ence of.| |00003990| 62 65 68 61 76 69 6f 75 | 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 71 |behaviou|r when q| |000039a0| 75 6f 74 65 64 20 70 61 | 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 |uoted pa|rameters| |000039b0| 20 61 72 65 20 70 61 73 | 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 | are pas|sed to a| |000039c0| 20 62 61 74 63 68 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 | batch p|rogram, | |000039d0| 61 73 20 74 68 65 0d 66 | 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 |as the.f|ollowing| |000039e0| 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 | 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 | simple |example | |000039f0| 69 6c 6c 75 73 74 72 61 | 74 65 73 3a 0d 0d 54 68 |illustra|tes:..Th| |00003a00| 65 20 74 77 6f 20 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 3a 20 |e two co|mmands: | |00003a10| 20 6d 79 5f 62 61 74 63 | 68 20 20 70 61 72 61 6d | my_batc|h param| |00003a20| 5f 31 20 20 20 20 20 61 | 6e 64 3a 20 20 6d 79 5f |_1 a|nd: my_| |00003a30| 62 61 74 63 68 20 20 22 | 70 61 72 61 6d 5f 31 22 |batch "|param_1"| |00003a40| 0d 61 72 65 20 74 6f 74 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 65 71 75 |.are tot|ally equ| |00003a50| 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 4d 61 63 |ivalent |with Mac| |00003a60| 44 4f 53 aa 20 62 65 63 | 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 |DOS. bec|ause the| |00003a70| 20 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 20 | 71 75 6f 74 65 73 20 69 | double |quotes i| |00003a80| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 | 63 6f 6e 64 0d 63 6f 6d |n the se|cond.com| |00003a90| 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 | 20 69 67 6e 6f 72 65 64 |mand are| ignored| |00003aa0| 2e 20 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 68 |. On the| other h| |00003ab0| 61 6e 64 2c 20 44 4f 53 | 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 |and, DOS| would c| |00003ac0| 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 | 74 68 65 20 71 75 6f 74 |onsider |the quot| |00003ad0| 65 73 20 61 73 20 70 61 | 72 74 0d 6f 66 20 74 68 |es as pa|rt.of th| |00003ae0| 65 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 | 20 70 61 73 73 65 64 20 |e string| passed | |00003af0| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 62 | 61 74 63 68 20 70 72 6f |to the b|atch pro| |00003b00| 67 72 61 6d 20 61 73 20 | 66 69 72 73 74 20 72 65 |gram as |first re| |00003b10| 70 6c 61 63 65 61 62 6c | 65 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 |placeabl|e parame| |00003b20| 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d 54 68 | 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 2c |ter...Th|erefore,| |00003b30| 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e | 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 20 | the con|dition | |00003b40| 20 25 31 3d 3d 70 61 72 | 61 6d 5f 31 20 20 20 77 | %1==par|am_1 w| |00003b50| 6f 75 6c 64 20 65 76 61 | 6c 75 61 74 65 20 74 6f |ould eva|luate to| |00003b60| 20 54 52 55 45 20 69 6e | 20 62 6f 74 68 20 63 61 | TRUE in| both ca| |00003b70| 73 65 73 0d 77 69 74 68 | 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa |ses.with| MacDOS.| |00003b80| 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 | 69 74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 |, while |it would| |00003b90| 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 | 65 20 74 6f 20 46 41 4c | evaluat|e to FAL| |00003ba0| 53 45 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 |SE in th|e second| |00003bb0| 20 63 61 73 65 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 44 4f 53 2e 0d | case wi|th DOS..| |00003bc0| 0d 41 6e 20 69 6d 70 6f | 72 74 61 6e 74 20 63 6f |.An impo|rtant co| |00003bd0| 6e 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 | 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 |nsequenc|e of thi| |00003be0| 73 20 27 73 70 65 63 69 | 61 6c 27 20 68 61 6e 64 |s 'speci|al' hand| |00003bf0| 6c 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 | 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 20 71 |ling of |double q| |00003c00| 75 6f 74 65 73 20 69 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 0d 69 74 |uotes is| that.it| |00003c10| 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 63 | 61 75 73 65 20 61 20 62 | might c|ause a b| |00003c20| 61 74 63 68 20 70 72 6f | 67 72 61 6d 20 74 6f 20 |atch pro|gram to | |00003c30| 66 61 69 6c 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 61 6e 20 49 46 20 |fail whe|n an IF | |00003c40| 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 | 74 6f 20 74 65 73 74 20 |is used |to test | |00003c50| 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 0d | 70 72 65 73 65 6e 63 65 |for the.|presence| |00003c60| 20 6f 66 20 61 20 72 65 | 70 6c 61 63 65 61 62 6c | of a re|placeabl| |00003c70| 65 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 | 74 65 72 2e 20 53 75 70 |e parame|ter. Sup| |00003c80| 70 6f 73 65 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 61 20 62 61 74 63 |pose tha|t a batc| |00003c90| 68 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 20 69 73 20 65 78 65 |h progra|m is exe| |00003ca0| 63 75 74 65 64 0d 77 69 | 74 68 20 6e 6f 20 70 61 |cuted.wi|th no pa| |00003cb0| 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 | 20 6f 72 20 77 69 74 68 |rameters| or with| |00003cc0| 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 20 70 61 72 61 6d | the fir|st param| |00003cd0| 65 74 65 72 20 73 65 74 | 20 74 6f 20 22 22 2e 20 |eter set| to "". | |00003ce0| 54 68 65 6e 20 25 31 20 | 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 |Then %1 |contains| |00003cf0| 20 74 68 65 0d 65 6d 70 | 74 79 20 73 74 72 69 6e | the.emp|ty strin| |00003d00| 67 2e 20 41 6e 20 49 46 | 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |g. An IF| command| |00003d10| 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 20 20 | 69 66 20 25 31 20 3d 3d | like |if %1 ==| |00003d20| 20 22 22 20 67 6f 74 6f | 20 6e 6f 5f 70 61 72 5f | "" goto| no_par_| |00003d30| 6c 61 62 65 6c 20 20 20 | 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 |label |would be| |00003d40| 0d 27 73 65 65 6e 27 20 | 62 79 20 4d 61 63 44 4f |.'seen' |by MacDO| |00003d50| 53 aa 20 61 73 20 20 20 | 69 66 20 3d 3d 20 67 6f |S. as |if == go| |00003d60| 74 6f 20 6e 6f 5f 70 61 | 72 5f 6c 61 62 65 6c 20 |to no_pa|r_label | |00003d70| 20 20 61 6e 64 20 77 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 72 | and wo|uld be r| |00003d80| 65 6a 65 63 74 65 64 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 61 0d 73 |ejected |with a.s| |00003d90| 79 6e 74 61 78 20 65 72 | 72 6f 72 2e 20 54 68 65 |yntax er|ror. The| |00003da0| 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 | solutio|n is to | |00003db0| 61 70 70 65 6e 64 20 61 | 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |append a| charact| |00003dc0| 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 |er to th|e parame| |00003dd0| 74 65 72 3a 0d 20 20 20 | 69 66 20 22 25 31 2a 22 |ter:. |if "%1*"| |00003de0| 20 3d 3d 20 22 2a 22 20 | 67 6f 74 6f 20 6e 6f 5f | == "*" |goto no_| |00003df0| 70 61 72 5f 6c 61 62 65 | 6c 0d 54 68 69 73 20 65 |par_labe|l.This e| |00003e00| 6e 73 75 72 65 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |nsures t|hat the | |00003e10| 49 46 20 69 73 20 73 75 | 63 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c |IF is su|ccessful| |00003e20| 6c 79 20 70 61 72 73 65 | 64 20 72 65 67 61 72 64 |ly parse|d regard| |00003e30| 6c 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 | 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 |less of |whether | |00003e40| 25 31 20 69 73 0d 65 6d | 70 74 79 20 6f 72 20 6e |%1 is.em|pty or n| |00003e50| 6f 74 2e 0d 0d 41 6e 6f | 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 66 |ot...Ano|ther dif| |00003e60| 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 | 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f |ference |still co| |00003e70| 6e 63 65 72 6e 69 6e 67 | 20 62 61 74 63 68 20 72 |ncerning| batch r| |00003e80| 65 70 6c 61 63 65 61 62 | 6c 65 20 70 61 72 61 6d |eplaceab|le param| |00003e90| 65 74 65 72 73 20 69 73 | 20 64 75 65 20 74 6f 20 |eters is| due to | |00003ea0| 74 68 65 0d 66 61 63 74 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 27 73 |the.fact| that 's| |00003eb0| 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 27 | 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 63 |witches'| (i.e. c| |00003ec0| 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 70 | 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 |ommand p|arameter| |00003ed0| 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 | 73 74 61 72 74 20 77 69 |s which |start wi| |00003ee0| 74 68 20 61 20 73 6c 61 | 73 68 29 20 61 72 65 0d |th a sla|sh) are.| |00003ef0| 70 61 72 73 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 44 4f 53 20 61 73 |parsed b|y DOS as| |00003f00| 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c | 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 73 2c | special| tokens,| |00003f10| 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 4d | 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 20 6a | while M|acDOS. j| |00003f20| 75 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 73 | 69 64 65 72 73 20 74 68 |ust cons|iders th| |00003f30| 65 6d 20 61 73 20 61 6e | 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 0d |em as an|y other.| |00003f40| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 | 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 |command |argument| |00003f50| 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f | 6e 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 |. The co|nsequenc| |00003f60| 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 44 4f 53 20 73 69 |e is tha|t DOS si| |00003f70| 6d 70 6c 79 20 69 67 6e | 6f 72 65 73 20 73 65 71 |mply ign|ores seq| |00003f80| 75 65 6e 63 65 73 20 6f | 66 0d 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 |uences o|f.multip| |00003f90| 6c 65 20 73 6c 61 73 68 | 65 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 |le slash|es when | |00003fa0| 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 | 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 |the user| attempt| |00003fb0| 73 20 74 6f 20 70 61 73 | 73 20 74 68 65 6d 20 74 |s to pas|s them t| |00003fc0| 6f 20 61 20 62 61 74 63 | 68 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |o a batc|h progra| |00003fd0| 6d 3a 0d 0d 54 68 65 20 | 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a |m:..The |command:| |00003fe0| 20 20 6d 79 5f 62 61 74 | 63 68 2f 2f 2f 0d 69 73 | my_bat|ch///.is| |00003ff0| 20 69 6e 20 44 4f 53 20 | 74 6f 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 | in DOS |totally | |00004000| 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 | 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |equivale|nt to th| |00004010| 65 20 70 6c 61 69 6e 3a | 20 20 6d 79 5f 62 61 74 |e plain:| my_bat| |00004020| 63 68 0d 0d 4d 61 63 44 | 4f 53 aa 20 77 6f 75 6c |ch..MacD|OS. woul| |00004030| 64 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 |d set th|e first | |00004040| 74 68 72 65 65 20 72 65 | 70 6c 61 63 65 61 62 6c |three re|placeabl| |00004050| 65 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 | 74 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 |e parame|ters to | |00004060| 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 | 61 20 73 6c 61 73 68 0d |contain |a slash.| |00004070| 65 61 63 68 20 28 77 65 | 20 62 65 6c 69 65 76 65 |each (we| believe| |00004080| 20 74 68 61 74 20 44 4f | 53 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e | that DO|S does n| |00004090| 6f 74 20 62 65 68 61 76 | 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 |ot behav|e consis| |000040a0| 74 65 6e 74 6c 79 29 2e | 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 77 |tently).|... w| |000040b0| 69 6c 64 63 61 72 64 69 | 6e 67 0d 20 20 20 20 2d |ildcardi|ng. -| |000040c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 0d 0d 57 69 74 68 |--------|--..With| |000040d0| 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 | MacDOS.|, the wi| |000040e0| 6c 64 63 61 72 64 20 63 | 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 |ldcard c|haracter| |000040f0| 20 27 3f 27 20 69 73 20 | 6d 61 74 63 68 65 64 20 | '?' is |matched | |00004100| 62 79 20 65 78 61 63 74 | 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 |by exact|ly one c| |00004110| 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 | 2e 0d 44 4f 53 20 6d 61 |haracter|..DOS ma| |00004120| 74 63 68 65 73 20 61 20 | 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e |tches a |question| |00004130| 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d | mark wi|th not m| |00004140| 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e | 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 68 61 |ore than| one cha| |00004150| 72 61 63 74 65 72 2e 20 | 54 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 |racter. |Therefor| |00004160| 65 2c 20 3f 3f 3f 0d 69 | 73 20 6d 61 74 63 68 65 |e, ???.i|s matche| |00004170| 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 4d | 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 20 62 |d with M|acDOS. b| |00004180| 79 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 | 6d 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 |y filena|mes whic| |00004190| 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 | 6e 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c |h contai|n exactl| |000041a0| 79 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 | 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 |y three |characte| |000041b0| 72 73 2c 0d 77 68 69 6c | 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 44 |rs,.whil|e with D| |000041c0| 4f 53 20 69 74 20 69 73 | 20 6d 61 74 63 68 65 64 |OS it is| matched| |000041d0| 20 62 79 20 66 69 6c 65 | 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 63 6f | by file|names co| |000041e0| 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 | 20 31 2c 20 32 2c 20 6f |ntaining| 1, 2, o| |000041f0| 72 20 33 20 63 68 61 72 | 61 63 74 65 72 73 2e 0d |r 3 char|acters..| |00004200| 0d 57 69 74 68 20 4d 61 | 63 44 4f 53 aa 2c 20 79 |.With Ma|cDOS., y| |00004210| 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6d | 69 78 20 61 6e 79 20 6e |ou can m|ix any n| |00004220| 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f |umber of| the two| |00004230| 20 77 69 6c 64 63 61 72 | 64 69 6e 67 20 63 68 61 | wildcar|ding cha| |00004240| 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 | 27 3f 27 20 61 6e 64 0d |racters |'?' and.| |00004250| 27 2a 27 2e 20 41 20 73 | 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 |'*'. A s|equence | |00004260| 6f 66 20 77 69 6c 64 63 | 61 72 64 69 6e 67 20 63 |of wildc|arding c| |00004270| 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 | 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 |haracter|s contai| |00004280| 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 | 6c 65 61 73 74 20 6f 6e |ning at |least on| |00004290| 65 20 61 73 74 65 72 69 | 73 6b 20 69 73 0d 6d 61 |e asteri|sk is.ma| |000042a0| 74 63 68 65 64 20 62 79 | 20 61 6c 6c 20 73 74 72 |tched by| all str| |000042b0| 69 6e 67 73 20 77 69 74 | 68 20 6c 65 67 74 68 73 |ings wit|h legths| |000042c0| 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 | 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 72 | greater| than or| |000042d0| 20 65 71 75 61 6c 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 | equal t|o the nu| |000042e0| 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 0d | 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e |mber of.|question| |000042f0| 20 6d 61 72 6b 73 20 28 | 69 6e 20 66 61 63 74 2c | marks (|in fact,| |00004300| 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 | 73 20 6e 6f 20 72 65 61 | there i|s no rea| |00004310| 73 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 75 | 73 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 |son to u|se more | |00004320| 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 | 20 61 73 74 65 72 69 73 |than one| asteris| |00004330| 6b 20 61 74 20 61 0d 74 | 69 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 |k at a.t|ime, and| |00004340| 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 64 | 65 72 20 6f 66 20 77 69 | the ord|er of wi| |00004350| 6c 64 63 61 72 64 69 6e | 67 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 |ldcardin|g charac| |00004360| 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 | 68 69 6e 20 61 20 73 65 |ters wit|hin a se| |00004370| 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 | 20 69 72 72 65 6c 65 76 |ction is| irrelev| |00004380| 61 6e 74 29 2e 0d 0d 0d | 20 20 20 20 65 72 72 6f |ant)....| erro| |00004390| 72 73 20 72 65 74 75 72 | 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 63 |rs retur|ned by c| |000043a0| 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d | 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 2d |ommands.| ----| |000043b0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |000043c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d | 0d 49 6e 20 44 4f 53 2c |-------.|.In DOS,| |000043d0| 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 63 | 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c 20 | the suc|cessful | |000043e0| 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 73 6f |completi|on of so| |000043f0| 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 73 20 63 61 6e 20 |me comma|nds can | |00004400| 62 65 20 74 65 73 74 65 | 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 |be teste|d with t| |00004410| 68 65 0d 45 52 52 4f 52 | 4c 45 56 45 4c 20 6d 65 |he.ERROR|LEVEL me| |00004420| 63 68 61 6e 69 73 6d 2e | 20 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa |chanism.| MacDOS.| |00004430| 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 | 6e 74 73 20 61 20 6d 75 | impleme|nts a mu| |00004440| 63 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 | 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 |ch more |general | |00004450| 6d 65 63 68 61 6e 69 73 | 6d 20 74 6f 20 63 68 65 |mechanis|m to che| |00004460| 63 6b 0d 74 68 65 20 72 | 65 73 75 6c 74 20 6f 66 |ck.the r|esult of| |00004470| 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 | 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | the las|t comman| |00004480| 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 | 65 64 2e 20 57 68 65 6e |d execut|ed. When| |00004490| 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 20 65 6e 63 6f 75 | a comma|nd encou| |000044a0| 6e 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e | 20 65 72 72 6f 72 0d 63 |nters an| error.c| |000044b0| 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e | 2c 20 69 74 20 73 65 74 |ondition|, it set| |000044c0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 67 6c | 6f 62 61 6c 20 76 61 72 |s the gl|obal var| |000044d0| 69 61 62 6c 65 20 44 4f | 53 45 52 52 20 74 6f 20 |iable DO|SERR to | |000044e0| 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 | 20 63 6f 64 65 2e 20 49 |an error| code. I| |000044f0| 6e 20 62 61 74 63 68 2c | 20 74 68 65 0d 63 6f 6d |n batch,| the.com| |00004500| 6d 61 6e 64 20 4f 4e 45 | 52 52 4f 52 20 63 61 6e |mand ONE|RROR can| |00004510| 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 6a 75 6d 70 | be used| to jump| |00004520| 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 61 | 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 | to a pa|rticular| |00004530| 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 20 77 | 68 65 6e 65 76 65 72 20 | label w|henever | |00004540| 44 4f 53 45 52 52 20 69 | 73 0d 73 65 74 2e 20 49 |DOSERR i|s.set. I| |00004550| 6e 20 61 6c 74 65 72 6e | 61 74 69 76 65 20 74 6f |n altern|ative to| |00004560| 20 4f 4e 45 52 52 4f 52 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 | ONERROR|, the us| |00004570| 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 61 | 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 63 69 |er can a|lso deci| |00004580| 64 65 20 74 6f 20 69 6d | 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 |de to im|plement | |00004590| 68 69 73 0d 6f 77 6e 20 | 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 |his.own |specific| |000045a0| 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 63 | 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 | error c|hecking | |000045b0| 62 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 49 46 20 |by using| the IF | |000045c0| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 | 74 6f 20 63 68 65 63 6b |command |to check| |000045d0| 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 | 69 61 62 6c 65 0d 44 4f | the var|iable.DO| |000045e0| 53 45 52 52 20 77 68 65 | 6e 65 76 65 72 20 69 74 |SERR whe|never it| |000045f0| 20 69 73 20 6e 65 63 65 | 73 73 61 72 79 2e 0d 0d | is nece|ssary...| |00004600| 43 6f 6e 63 65 72 6e 69 | 6e 67 20 44 4f 53 45 52 |Concerni|ng DOSER| |00004610| 52 2c 20 74 77 6f 20 70 | 6f 69 6e 74 73 20 6d 75 |R, two p|oints mu| |00004620| 73 74 20 62 65 20 6b 65 | 70 74 20 69 6e 20 6d 69 |st be ke|pt in mi| |00004630| 6e 64 3a 0d 20 a5 20 41 | 6c 6c 20 65 72 72 6f 72 |nd:. . A|ll error| |00004640| 20 63 6f 64 65 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 6e 6f 6e 2d 7a | codes a|re non-z| |00004650| 65 72 6f 20 28 61 63 74 | 75 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 |ero (act|ually, t| |00004660| 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 | 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 20 |hey are |greater | |00004670| 74 68 61 6e 20 7a 65 72 | 6f 29 2e 0d 20 20 20 54 |than zer|o).. T| |00004680| 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 | 2c 20 7a 65 72 6f 20 63 |herefore|, zero c| |00004690| 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 | 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 6e |an be us|ed as an| |000046a0| 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 74 | indicat|ion that| |000046b0| 20 6e 6f 20 65 72 72 6f | 72 20 6f 63 63 75 72 72 | no erro|r occurr| |000046c0| 65 64 2e 0d 20 a5 20 4d | 61 63 44 4f 53 aa 20 4e |ed.. . M|acDOS. N| |000046d0| 45 56 45 52 20 72 65 73 | 65 74 73 20 44 4f 53 45 |EVER res|ets DOSE| |000046e0| 52 52 2e 20 54 68 65 72 | 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 74 |RR. Ther|efore, t| |000046f0| 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 | 6d 75 73 74 20 74 61 6b |he user |must tak| |00004700| 65 20 63 61 72 65 20 74 | 6f 20 53 45 54 20 69 74 |e care t|o SET it| |00004710| 0d 20 20 20 74 6f 20 7a | 65 72 6f 20 62 65 66 6f |. to z|ero befo| |00004720| 72 65 20 65 78 65 63 75 | 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |re execu|ting the| |00004730| 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 | 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 63 | command| of whic| |00004740| 68 20 73 68 65 20 77 61 | 6e 74 73 20 74 6f 20 74 |h she wa|nts to t| |00004750| 65 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 72 65 73 75 6c 74 2e 0d |est the |result..| |00004760| 0d 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 aa | 20 55 73 65 72 27 73 20 |.MacDOS.| User's | |00004770| 47 75 69 64 65 20 63 6f | 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 66 |Guide co|ntains f| |00004780| 75 6c 6c 20 65 78 70 6c | 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |ull expl|anation | |00004790| 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 65 | 72 72 6f 72 20 63 6f 64 |of all e|rror cod| |000047a0| 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d | 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 2e |es and m|essages.| |000047b0| 0d 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e | 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 75 73 |.You can| also us| |000047c0| 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 | 78 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 |e the te|xt file | |000047d0| 22 4d 61 63 44 4f 53 20 | 45 72 72 6f 72 20 4c 69 |"MacDOS |Error Li| |000047e0| 73 74 22 20 61 73 20 61 | 20 71 75 69 63 6b 20 72 |st" as a| quick r| |000047f0| 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 | 2e 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |eference|.... | |00004800| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 | 0d 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d |commands|. ---| |00004810| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0d 54 | 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 63 |-----..T|he new c| |00004820| 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 | 61 72 65 20 62 72 69 65 |ommands |are brie| |00004830| 66 6c 79 20 64 65 73 63 | 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e |fly desc|ribed in| |00004840| 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 | 74 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f | the nex|t sectio| |00004850| 6e 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 | 20 68 65 72 65 20 77 65 |n, while| here we| |00004860| 20 67 6f 0d 74 68 72 6f | 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 | go.thro|ugh the | |00004870| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 | 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 65 |commands| which e| |00004880| 78 69 73 74 20 69 6e 20 | 62 6f 74 68 20 44 4f 53 |xist in |both DOS| |00004890| 20 61 6e 64 20 4d 61 63 | 44 4f 53 aa 20 61 6e 64 | and Mac|DOS. and| |000048a0| 20 6c 69 73 74 20 61 6c | 6c 20 74 68 65 0d 64 69 | list al|l the.di| |000048b0| 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 | 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 |fference|s betwee| |000048c0| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 | 6f 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d |n the tw|o implem| |000048d0| 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e | 73 2e 20 50 6c 65 61 73 |entation|s. 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Only b| |000049c0| 69 6e 61 72 79 20 63 6f | 70 79 20 69 73 20 70 65 |inary co|py is pe| |000049d0| 72 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |rformed |and the | |000049e0| 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 2f | 42 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 |switch /|B is not| |000049f0| 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 | 6e 74 65 64 2e 0d 20 a5 | impleme|nted.. .| |00004a00| 20 54 68 65 20 64 65 73 | 74 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e | The des|tination| |00004a10| 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 6e 6c | 79 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 | can onl|y identi| |00004a20| 66 79 20 61 20 66 69 6c | 65 20 6f 72 20 61 20 66 |fy a fil|e or a f| |00004a30| 6f 6c 64 65 72 20 62 75 | 74 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 |older bu|t cannot| |00004a40| 0d 20 20 20 63 6f 6e 74 | 61 69 6e 20 77 69 6c 64 |. cont|ain wild| |00004a50| 63 61 72 64 73 2e 0d 20 | a5 20 54 68 65 20 27 2b |cards.. |. 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N|otes on | |00005c70| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 | 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 |commands| which d| |00005c80| 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 78 | 69 73 74 20 69 6e 20 44 |o not ex|ist in D| |00005c90| 4f 53 0d 20 20 20 20 3d | 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |OS. =|========| |00005ca0| 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |========|========| |00005cb0| 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |========|========| |00005cc0| 3d 3d 0d 0d 50 6c 65 61 | 73 65 20 72 65 66 65 72 |==..Plea|se refer| |00005cd0| 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 | 6f 6e 6c 69 6e 65 20 68 | to the |online h| |00005ce0| 65 6c 70 20 66 6f 72 20 | 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d |elp for |the form| |00005cf0| 61 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e |at of th|e comman| |00005d00| 64 73 2e 0d 0d 21 0d 20 | 20 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 |ds...!. | is equ| |00005d10| 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 | 74 6f 20 27 52 45 4d 27 |ivalent |to 'REM'| |00005d20| 20 77 68 65 6e 20 70 6c | 61 63 65 64 20 61 74 20 | when pl|aced at | |00005d30| 74 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 | 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 |the begi|nning of| |00005d40| 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 0d 20 20 20 6c 69 | a comma|nd. li| |00005d50| 6e 65 2e 20 54 68 61 74 | 20 69 73 2c 20 4d 61 63 |ne. 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